Green pastures

Another interesting object found in Tell Asmar and is dated to ED II period (2750/2700–2600BC)...The image are from this amazing paper "Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafajah" 

This is a plaque with with three scenes. 

In another amazing paper, "God or worshiper", we can read that the first scene depicts worshipers in front of Abu the god of green pastures, and his consort, goddess of fertility...These guys.

The second scene depicts two wild goats (Ibex) or two wild sheep (mouflon)...Sometimes it is difficult to discern which one of the animals is depicted as the horns are sometimes depicted smaller because of the space. Like this goat from Nipur, that I talked about in my post "Goat in a tree"...

The third scene depicts two calves. 

Both goat/sheep and calves are depicted among green branches...

Are these animals chosen and arranged randomly?

In my previous post "Abu", I talked about the above statue of Abu found in Tell Asmar. And I talked about the fact that Abu was just another name for Ninurta/Ningirsu, the old god of rain...

That is of course fitting, because in Mesopotamia, the pastures are only green during the rain season, Oct/Nov-Apr/May....So only God of rain can be God of green pastures...

The start of the rain season in Mesopotamia coincides with the start of the mating season of wild goats and sheep, which is why they are the symbol of the rain season in the region...Particularly wild Ibex goat. Goat of rain...

The end of the rain season in Mesopotamia coincides with the beginning of the calving season of wild cattle, aurochs. We don't really have any photos of aurochs (extinct), but here is a reconstruction based on what we know

So what is depicted on this plaque from Tell Asmar is the time when Abu/Ninurta/Ningirsu rules is rain season which lasts from when the wild goats and sheep start to mate until the wild cattle start to calve...

This is basically the same time period depicted symbolically on this Early Dynastic Sumerian seal I talked about in my post "Rain and flood"...

Abu

This statue was found under the floor of the Square Temple in Tell Asmar and is dated to ED II period (2750/2700–2600BC)...The images are from this amazing paper "Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafajah" 

In this article, Henry Frankfort proposes that this statue, much bigger than any other statue found in Tell Asmar, is the depiction of the god Abu, god of vegetation, whose name means "Father pasture"...

Most people talk about this statue's eyes. And cool eyes they are.

But to me, the statue's feet are much more interesting. 

What is interesting is that the statue stands on a base with a very interesting relief. Henry Frankfort describes it as "Anzu bird standing between two mountain goats lying on leafy branches..." 

I have to correct Henry Frankfort. These are Goitered gazelles, not mountain goats. See the horns?

Ibex goat

Goitered gazelle

Anzu bird was the symbol of the thunder god Ninurta/Ningirsu. It is best known from the Entemena vase where it is depicted as a lion headed eagle flanked by (actually grabbing) two mountain goats (Ibexes). 

I talked about this in my post about "Entemena vase"

But apparently the earliest depiction of Anzu bird has eagle head...In the paper "God or worshiper" Thorkild Jakobsen says that the earliest form under which Ninurta/Ningirsu was worshiped was an enormous black eagle gliding with outstretched wings. 

Thorkild Jakobsen says that this was a representation of a black storm cloud, but I think that this was actually an enormous eagle gliding with outstretched wings: a vulture...

But also a storm cloud. 

Remember the link between vultures and the rain season: in Mesopotamia vultures start mating at the beginning of the rain season, in November...I talked about it in my post "Giant eagle dude with mouflons" about this beautiful Bactrian gold stamps seal...

Ninurta is The Eagle, turned The Eagle Dude...

And apparently, Abu, the god of vegetation, was just another name for Ninurta/Ningirsu, thunder god...Which is kind of obvious considering that in Mesopotamia, it is the rain season, which brings vegetation back to life...

And interestingly, the rains season starts when vultures start their mating synchronised gliding routines. Oh and when Goitered gazelles start their mating too...I talked about this in my post "Two headed dragon" about this beautiful Iranian Marlik cup.

Which is why on the base of the statue of the god of vegetation Abu, we see the (lion headed) Eagle of the thunderstorm god, flanked by two Goitered gazelles...

By the way, I will talk about how the Storm Eagle acquired the lion head soon...

Ninurta and the turtle

(Allegedly) Mesopotamian turtle amulet, 3rd-2nd millennium BC. 

There is a "weird" Sumerian text called "Ninurta and the turtle". In it, the Rain god Ninurta contemplates to overthrow the Flood god Enki. Enki figures that out, and then:

"Against Ninurta, Enki fashions a turtle from the clay of the abzu (the source of fresh water). Against him he stationed the turtle at an opening, at the gate of the abzu (source of fresh water)..."

"The turtle was able to grab Ninurta's tendon from behind...Enki...had the turtle scrape the ground with its claws, had it dig an evil pit. The hero Ninurta fell into it with the turtle. The hero did not know how to get out from ..."

Eeee what? Turtle??? Against the fierce Storm/Rain god? This doesn't make any sense...Well it does actually. If you know Mesopotamian climate and fauna...And if you realise that Ninurta, Enki and the turtle, are all calendar markers...

The climatic year in Mesopotamia is divided into two halves: summer, hot and dry half (Apr/May-Oct/Nov) and winter, cool and wet half (Oct/Nov-Apr/May)...

The winter starts in Oct/Nov, with the rain, brought by the rain god Ninurta. And it ends in Apr/May...

With the flood, brought by the flood god Enki... 

Annual Tigris water flow chart

Annual Euphrates water flow chart

Both peak in Apr/May

The flood signals the end of the rains. Enki (traps) Ninurta...Yeah, yeah...Amazing. What about the turtles?  

Behold, the (fierce 🙂) Mesopotamian softshell turtle aka Euphrates softshell turtle. It is found throughout Euphrates–Tigris river basin...

Mesopotamian softshell turtle can weigh up to 20 kg, and it has a smooth leathery shell that can reach up to 68 cm in length. It nests between April and June!!! The nest is dug by the female in a bank of a river and it can be 50 cm deep...

So right at the time of the Enki's flood, which ends the Ninurta's rain season, pile of turtles come out of the water and start digging holes in canal and river banks...Not something you would miss, if you lived by the rivers and canals...

The rest is just poetic freedom...

25/9/2022 I just found out that turtle was a zodiac sign in Mesopotamian calendar...🙂 

Shamash young and old

"When Utu/Shamash steps up into heaven, fresh waters shall run out of the ground for you..." from "Enki and Ninhursanga"

Cylinder seal discovered at Ur and dated to the time of Sargon (2340-2160 BC) or to the time of Shar-kali-sharri (2224-2199 BC). De Clercq collection...

The description found in the Notes on the Sargonid Cylinder Seal, Ur 364 by Edith Porada: 

The seal depicts three gods:

First god in a "shrine" surrounded by streams of flowing water

Second god with rays issuing from one shoulder, wearing a flounced kilt, holding a mace and ascending a stepped mountain topped by a gate or a temple

Third god with rays issuing from both shoulders, wearing a long pleated skirt, holding a curved notched weapon or a saw dagger, standing with one foot on a back of a lion with upcurving wings, the other foot on a small god who kneels with one foot on the ground...

Very interesting indeed...But I would disagree with some of the stuff said above. 

These are not three gods. These are two gods, one of them depicted in two "stages" a young and old.

First god is Enki, the Sumerian god of sweet water. He is depicted sitting imprisoned inside abzu, the source of the two great rivers...

That source is the snow that falls on the "holy mountains" located North East of Mesopotamia during the winter...Anatolian highlands and Zagros Mountains...

I can hear pretty much every Sumerologist screaming at this point: Abzu means "the underground waters of the Aquifer"!!! This commonly accepted meaning of the term Abzu is actually a result of a mistranslation...We have Sumerian ab=water and zu=knowledge, deep, far...Abzu can then mean both deep water and far away water...Considering that the source of Tigris and Euphrates is far away from Mesopotamia, in the Anatolian highlands and Zagros Mountains, the proper translation of the term Abzu is far away water...

I mean this is actually spelled for us in the Early Dynastic Za-me hymns where we read:

"Abzu ki kur-gal men-nun-an-ki den-nu-de4-mud zà-me": Abzu, place that is a big mountain, princely crown of the heaven and earth. To the lord Nudimmud (Enki), (give) praise! 

This line can be found in this great paper: "Ancient Near Eastern Gods Enki and Ea: Diachronical Analysis of Texts and Images from the Earliest Sources to the Neo-Sumerian Period"

Anyway I am going to write another post specifically about Enki and Abzu, so watch this space...

So the first god is Enki/Ea.

The second god is young Utu/Shamash, the young sun. See how he has sun heat rays emanating only from one of his shoulders??? He is depicted on this seal in a short tunic climbing the sacred mountain towards imprisoned Enki...To free him...

This climbing of the mountain by the sun god represents the heating up of the higher and higher regions of the holy mountains in the spring. The heating up which results in the snowmelt, which is the main source of the water in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers...This is the "freeing of Enki" and it happens during the spring. You can see how the water levels in Tigris and Euphrates river system are suddenly sharply rising starting from Feb...Water level charts for

Tigris

Euphrates

Enki is finally free (the water levels peak) in Apr/May, at the beginning of summer.  In Taurus...Which is why Shamash is depicted as a golden bull with long flowing "lapis lazuli" (water stone) beard...

"Enki placed in charge of the whole of heaven and earth the hero, the youth Utu (Shamash), the bull standing triumphantly, audaciously, majestically...the great herald in the east of holy An...with a lapis-lazuli beard, rising from the horizon..." from "Enki and the world order"

Shamash/Utu is also depicted as a bull with a tail made of wheat...

Because it is in Taurus, the water bull, that the grain harvest begins in Mesopotamia...

Summer, which starts in Taurus, is symbolised by a bull, because both calving (begins in Apr/May) and mating (begins in Jul/Aug) of Wild Eurasian cattle takes place during the summer, May to August...I talked about this in my post "Ram and bull"...

Which is why, in "Enki and the world order" we read: "...Father Enki...he stood up full of lust like a rampant bull, lifted his penis, ejaculated and filled the Tigris with flowing water. He was like a wild cow mooing for its young in the wild grass..."

So Enki, the god of fresh water, gets freed by Shamash, "the triumphant bull with lapis lazuli beard". And the first thing he does, he starts wanking 🙂 And the moment of his ejaculation, the moment of his climax, the moment of the peak water levels in the rivers he fills with his heavenly semen, is also the moment when "wild cows moo for their young in the wild grass"...In Taurus...

It is interesting that the Young Utu/Shamash carries a scepter...Why is this interesting? Have a look at this:

Modern impression from a greenstone cylinder seal from Sippar, c. 2300 BC...Currently in The British Museum... 

Here is Shamash (the sun god), in full power (represented by sun heat rays emanating from both shoulders), standing "between two columns with a lioness and a lion". 

The same scepter carried by the Young Utu/Shamash can be seen abandoned to the left of the left column with the lion...Instead of the scepter, Old Utu/Shamash is holding a serrated knife...A reed cutting knife...That is very important...And I explain why in this post about Mesopotamian irrigation "Canals"...

Here is the same dude, Old Utu/Shamash on our original seal, "standing with one foot on a back of a lion with upcurving wings..."

If someone is standing "between the lions" or "on a lion", that just means that he is standing in Leo, end of July, beginning of August...

And, Leo is a solar year calendar marker which marks the beginning of the main mating season of the Eurasian lions. 

Leo is the hottest and driest part of the year in Mesopotamia. The time of maximum heat, maximum drought. Which is why the Old Utu/Shamash has sun heat rays emanating from both of his shoulders.

This is also the time of the lowest water levels in Tigris and Euphrates river system...Water level charts for

Tigris

Euphrates

Which is why the Old Utu/Shamash is standing in an empty river (canal) bed...Perfect time to cut reeds and repair irrigation canals...Hence serrated reed cutting knife...For full discussion check my post about Mesopotamian irrigation "Canals"...

So this is what I think is depicted on our Ur seal...What do you think?

Canals

Cylinder seal depicting he sun god Shamash,  Akkad (Iraq), 3rd millennium BCE, Chert. Currently in the collection of the Israel Antiquities Authority...

Official description:  Shamash emerging through a pair of mountains flanked by columns, perhaps heaven’s door...🙂 Maybe, but I doubt it. Here is why:

Modern impression from a greenstone cylinder seal from Sippar, c. 2300 BC...Currently in The British Museum... 

Here is Shamash (the sun god), in full power (represented by sun heat rays emanating from both shoulders), standing "between two columns with a lioness and a lion". "Between the lions" means that he is standing in Leo, end of July, beginning of August...

And, Leo is a solar year calendar marker which marks the beginning of the mating season of the Eurasian lions. 

Hence lioness and lion...

Leo is the hottest and driest part of the year in Mesopotamia. The time of maximum heat, maximum drought. 

This is also the time of the lowest water levels in Tigris and Euphrates river system...Water level charts for

Tigris

Euphrates

Which is why Shamash is standing in an empty river (canal) bed...And not between two mountains. 

What about the gates of heaven?  Well to understand what these "columns" really are, we need to know a bit about the Mesopotamian agriculture year and their irrigation practices. 

Have a look at the first seal. The image is to be read right to left. The first thing we see is a sheaf of grain. The harvest in ancient Mesopotamia started in April with barley cutting and ended in July with barley storing...

Right after that starts the hottest and driest part of the year dominated by Shamash, who is depicted standing in an empty river (canal) bed. In the "Traditional Dam Construction in Modern Iraq: A Possible Analogy for Ancient Mesopotamian Irrigation Practices" we can read that

Here is what this canal system looks like

Here is what the head dam looks like

And here is how the head dams are made:

The head-dam is built at the final stage of the construction of the primary canal, which is dug from tail to head toward the water source. The head-dam may reach a height of three to five metres, depending on the size of the primary canal and the difference in elevation between the canal bed and the river. 

The construction of a head-dam usually takes place between July and September, during the agricultural off-season and when water levels in the rivers are generally low. This allows for the construction of the dam to take place on relatively dry ground. 

Prior to construction, any loose silt and/or organic material is removed from the canal bed in order to provide a firm foundation for the dam. The foundation for the mud and reed part of the head-dam is built from either baked or unbaked bricks (compressed mud) or stone. On top of the foundation, a number of terracotta pipes are put in place to serve as the water inlet (A). The amount of water entering the primary canals can be regulated by closing the pipes with clay on either side. 

Several rows of palm-trunks or fruit-tree trunks are placed on top of the terracotta pipes in a criss-cross fashion (B). Depending on the length of the head-dam, a number of palm-trunks are sunk vertically into deep holes. More tree-trunks are then placed horizontally against the row of standing logs. The layer of horizontally placed tree-trunks may be up to three rows high. 

Alternating layers of mud (C), reed bundles13 and reed mats (D) and occasionally stones are placed on top of the rows of tree-trunks. The reed bundles, thinner at one end, are woven together to increase the head-dam’s stability.

So what are reed bundles? Only the most important building material in Mesopotamia. Used for building everything, from houses to irrigation canal dams...

Now look again at "the gates of heaven" from the above seals...Vertical bundles of reed tied together with horizontal reed ropes...And how do you cut reeds? With a serrated knife, which Shamash holds in his hand...By the way, the knife still used for cutting reeds is still serrated and curved...

Here is another seal depicting the sun god Shamahs. Cylinder seal, Akkad, 2340 B.C. and 2150 B.C. God carrying mace -- Sun god with rays, ascending between two mountains -- At either side, attendant opening wing of gate the gate of heaven...Currently in the collection of the Morgan Library and Museum...

More gates of heaven 🙂...Let's ignore this...This seal adds another interesting detail to the scene. Shamash is facing (walking towards) another god holding a mace...Well that can only be Hadad (Ishkur), the storm god...The rains arrive to Mesopotamia at the end of the hot dry half of the year, in Oct/Nov...

So the sun god Shamash, standing in the middle (Jul/Aug) of the hot, dry part of the year (Apr/May-Oct/Nov), is facing (walking towards) the Storm God Hadad, who comes at the beginning (Oct/Nov) of the cool, wet part of the year (Oct/Nov-Apr/May)...

Finally, here is something I discovered only the other day. I was looking at the reed boat building technology in Mesopotamia. I first read this paper "Building the reed-boat prototype: problems, solutions, and implications for the organization and structure of third-millennium shipbuilding" which documents building of a replica Bronze Age Mesopotamian reed boat. You can see that the main building block is again a reed bundle.

This lead me to this web page "Connecting Mesopotamia with Indus Valley and Egypt: The Tigris Expedition", which describes another experiment in reed boat building. While reading this second text, I came across this chapter:

In Iraq, Heyerdahl gathered evidence for the ancient use of maritime vessels made from a tall freshwater reed called "berdi".  There was more information, as well, on coatings the ancients may have used to protect these reeds against water absorption.  Asphalt in some kind of mixture with pitch and oil was mentioned.  

Much more importantly, Heyerdahl learned from the marsh Arabs of Iraq a vital piece of data on the performance of "berdi" that would influence the entire outcome of his planned experiment. Berdi, they said, must be cut in August, and only in August, or it absorbs water quickly and sinks.  The berdi cut in August was dried for two or three weeks and then used for the reed houses in which the Arabs dwelled.  Estimations of the buoyancy of properly harvested berdi ranged to upwards of a year.  This was a new, seasonal aspect of reed boat construction that no one had considered before.

Cut your reed for construction in August, in Leo...This is what Shamash is telling his people on the above seals...

No heavens gates...Just climate, biology, agriculture and technology...

PS: Part of a model chariot, with an impression of the sun god Shamash, not "rising over the mountains" as the official description says, but standing on top of the main canal dam (see the hole), telling people that it's time to go cutting reeds (see the knife he is holding) to repair the dams...

Old Babylonian, ca. 2000–1600 BC. currently in the Met Museum