Cock fight mosaic

A while back, @chapps posted this on X: This cockfight mosaic may have a religious meaning, as two of Mercury’s symbols - the caduceus and a bag of money (purse) - are on the mensa agonistica (winnings table), along with a palm of victory. Cockerels are associated with Mercury...

The mosaic, part of the Santangelo Collection, is currently kept in the Naples National Archaeological Museum...

In Greek and Roman mythology, the cockerel (rooster) is a sacred animal directly associated with Hermes (or his Roman equivalent, Mercury). Why? No one really knows...

The first reason is this:

Cockerel standing on top of the sun gate, on the border between the darkness and light, between the land of the dead (where sun spends night, winter) and the land of the living (where sun spends day, summer). Medieval (?) standing stone Bosnia...

This links cockerel with both day (the living) and night (the dead)...I talked about this link in Irish and Serbian folklore in my post "Bleeding for Martin"...

In this post I talk about ritual killing of cockerels at the beginning of the dark half of the year, and the ritual blooding of the doorstep and four house corners, both believed to be the hanging places of the souls of the dead ancestors...

And it is the dead ancestors that were the source of all good and bad things that happened to their living descendants...Which is the root of the ancestor worship all around the world...

In particular, people believed that there was a link between the dead and water (rain) and consequently agriculture, and that the thirsty dead would drink the water from the clouds causing drought and hunger...

I talk about this in many of my posts...

Drought and hunger that destroyed the Hittite empire for instance...

"...humiliation of the Hittite kingdom is the result of the fact that the Hittites have forgotten to respect the sacred bond with their dead..." - Last Hittite king Suppiluliuma II. 

I talked about this in my post "Care of the dead"...

Interestingly, it seems that cockerel was among the Slavs considered a symbolic replacement of a human and sacrificing cockerel was a symbolic sacrifice of a human...to the dead...

Examples:

Serbs had an interesting ritual from the cult of the dead which involved cockerels. When two members of the family die close together, Serbs then bury "a live cockerel" with the dead "to fool Death" or more precisely "as a replacement for the third death"...I talked about this in my post "Third death"...

In the past in Serbia it was believed that someone from the family will soon die after they move into the new house, because every house wants to have its protective spirit, which is the spirit of the first person to die in the house...To prevent this from happening, people made sure that a cockerel was the first to cross the doorstep of the new house. The cockerel was then caught and killed on the doorstep, (the seat of the dead) by the man of the house...

I talked about this in my post "New house"...

Finally, a direct link between sacrificing of a cockerel, human sacrifice and grain can be seen from this harvest custom: Dožinjalica is a cock which is slaughtered (roasted and eaten) at the end of the harvest...

 

Among the Serbs from Croatia it was believed that "grain will yield plentifully next year only where dožinjalica is eaten". On Tobolić, at the end of the harvest, the harvesters would tie the housewife with ropes. They would then light up a fire in the field where the last sheaf of grain was cut, and would "pretend to burn her in the fire"... The would let her go only after "she promised them a dožinjalica". Similar customs were also recorded among Serbs from from Northern Dalmatia. There the harvesters would "grab the housewife, cary her to a fire burning in the field, where they would pretend to roast her over the fire..." or they would "put the sickle under her throat..." so she would "promise them better dinner". In some parts "housewife was tied to the stožer, the central column of the threshing floor..." until she promised them "a good end of harvest dinner"...It is interesting that in some other places, Serbs actually sacrificed a cock to the central threshing floor column at the end of the harvest...

I talked about this in my post "Cock bashing"...

You can read more about threshing floor sacrifices in my post "Bogovo gumno, God's threshing floor". For instance: In the Balkans on the first day of threshing, the first sheaf of grain was stuck on top of the stožer, the central pole of the threshing floor, as an offering. Pic: Poreč, Makedonija, early 20th century....

This link between the dead, grain and cockerel once obviously existed in Greek religion, considering that Hades was also linked to cockerels...Hades sitting on his throne with Persephone. Hades is holding Asphodelus flowers, which were in Greek Mythology, associated with the dead and the Underworld.  Persephone is holding grain (obvious)...and a cockerel (why?)...I talked about this in my post "Asphodelus"... 

Hades, god of the dead, who was also known as Pluto, god of (agricultural) wealth...I mean his wife was Persephone, the deified grain...I talked about Persephone and grain in many of my posts...

But also:

The story how Plutus was conceived from the affair between Demeter and Iason is very interesting. "Demeter, bright goddess, was joined in sweet love with the hero Iasion in a thrice-ploughed (triple-furrowed) field in the rich land of Krete (Crete)"...

This "thrice-ploughed" (triple-furrowed) thingy is very interesting. Apparently, "the cutting of three furrows was part of fertility rites performed to inaugurate the new agricultural year"...Anyone knows where I can find reference to this in Greek texts???

Interestingly, in "Bulletin of the ethnographic museum of Serbia, Volume 10" from 1935 we can read that in some parts of Serbia, cutting of three furrows in the field was also a ritual marking the beginning of the agricultural year...

Once the three furrows were cut, an egg was buried in and then the ploughing of the field continued...At the end of harvest, people slaughtered a cockerel in the field. Ploughing-sowing-harvesting...Egg-Cockerel...

I talked about this in my post "Pluto"...

Also, considering that Hermes, the psychopomp, the guide of the dead that guides them into the underworld, was directly linked to cockerels...

I would even suggest that the wings adoring his hat are cockerel wings...

Here comes the interesting bit 🙂:

Both cockerel and Hermes (the original Mercury) were linked with thunder gods...

Hermes was the herald of the thunder god, the voice of the thunder god...The thunder...

I talked about this in my post "Iris". Goddess Iris, who was later replaced by Hermes, was originally "the one who speaks for Zeus"...Considering that thunder is the voice of the thunder god, who (or what) was she? This article asks this question and few more...

Did you know that "fiery cockerel" is the sacred bird of the Slavic Thuder/Rain god Perun?

19th c. embroidery from Russia depicting cockerels standing between two lions. 

The 2nd of August, the end of summer and beginning of autumn, the day of Perun (Slavic thunder god) falls in the middle of Leo. Perun's sacred bird is cockerel...I talked about this first in my post "Cockerel and lion"...

Cockerel, the sacred bird of Perun, Slavic thunder god, was used in magic rituals for protection agains lightning, like the ritual of "throwing cockerel over the roof of the house", symbolically placing cockerel between the thunder (god) and the house... 

Like cockerel weathervane?

Great pic by @another_barbara of the old St. George's chapel, topped with a cockerel weather-vane. Holy mountains, Slovenia. 

Why this connection between cockerels and thunder (gods)? Maybe cause chicken main mating season is during the period of 14+ daylight hours...

Mating season marked by vicious cock fights...

The main chicken mating season overlaps with the main thunderstorm season in Europe...

I talked about this in my post "Pero"...

Cockerel was the thunder bird not just in Europe, but in India and China too...

China: A man was preparing a chicken as a meal for his mother. Suddenly he was slain by a thunder strike, whereupon he transformed into a divine cock, that was no one else than the Master (Lord) of Thunder, Lei Kung...

Lei Kung was "sometimes depicted with a cock’s head, wings and claws"...

Why? Because the start of the wild chicken mating season marks the start of the rain and thunderstorm season in China...

I wrote about this in my posts "The son of thunder" and "Lei kung"...

India:

In India, peacocks are heralds of the summer monsoon rain season which is the source of (eternal) life...

This is climate chart from India. You can see that the rains season starts in Jun and ends in Sep...

Interestingly, this is also the peak mating season of the peafowls. During this time peacocks engage in mad displays and fights and their mating call even sounds like Hindu for "Come rain!!!"...

Not something local people would easily miss...

Male peafowls defend their territory from rival males during the mating season. 

Peafowl mating season peaks between Jun and Aug, the monsoon season. Hence peacock as an animal calendar marker for the monsoon season...

I talked about this in my posts "Peacock and cobra", "Come rain", "Rainbows and peacocks"...

Also, because this overlap between peafowl mating season and the monsoons season, Makara, the mount of the old monsoon god Varuna, but really a complex animal calendar marker for the monsoon season, sometimes has peacock tail...Talked about it my post "Makara"...

Peacocks are directly linked with Indra, the thunder and rain god. And Indra's main general, Kartikeya, rides on a peacock...

And Skanda, the Kartikeya's alter ego, who also rides on a peacock (the rain bird that mates in during monsoon season) holds a cockerel (another rain bird that mates in during monsoon season)?

Oh and Indra also used cockerel as his herald...

So here we have both Hermes and cockerel associated with the dead which can influence rain and therefore grain and with rain gods...

I think this is very interesting. This is even more interesting:

Cockerel behaviour often changes significantly before a thunderstorm or severe weather. Due to their extreme sensitivity to drops in atmospheric pressure, shifts in humidity, and low-frequency vibrations, cockerels can sense an approaching storm hours in advance... 

Feeling the atmospheric pressure drop, cockerels may become restless and break their usual schedule to crow, crowing instead even in the middle of the night or in the middle of the day....

Hence sayings like:

"If a rooster crows on going to bed, you may rise with a watery head (rain)"...

"If a rooster crows at night, there will be rain by morning"... 

So cockerels are real heralds of thunder gods, which I think makes me even more sure that Hermes wore hat with cockerel wings...

In the immediate moments before a severe storm (like a cyclone or heavy thunderstorm), the entire flock may go completely silent and freeze, stopping all foraging, clucking, or scratching...

Before the weather turns bad, chickens often engage in a feeding frenzy, eating as much as possible to fuel up to survive the duration of the storm. After that they will often rush to their coop or huddle together under shelter well before the first raindrops fall...

Some observers note that chickens might lower their tails as a sign of stress or anticipation of the approaching low-pressure system... 

How cool is this?

Is this why Hermes/Mercury was depicted traveling in chariots being pulled by cockerels? Mercury with his caduceus, in his chariot, drawn by cockerels. Engraving by C. Lasinio after Raphael, 1516...

If we look at cockerel as an animal calendar marker, we can see that because its natural mating season starts in Apr/May, it is an animal calendar marker for Apr/May...Now look at this: All the animals linked to Hermes are animal and plant calendar markers for Apr/May...

Happy birthday Hermes! According to the "Homeric hymn to Hermes", Hermes was born "on the fourth day of the month" but the name of the month was never mentioned...So a mystery...But we are actually told that it is a month when grapes flower...

Solved using animal and plant calendar markers: it's 4th of May...

I talked about this in my post "When grapes flower"...

What did Hermes do first after he was born? He stole Apollo's cows. 

Why? Cause Apr/May is marked by Taurus, ancient animal calendar marker for the beginning of the calving season of wild Eurasian cattle...

I talked about this in many of my posts...

He then invented fire drill, made fire, and sacrificed one of the cows to the gods...

A very strange thing to be attributed to a messenger of Zeus...

Or is it? 

Remember the article about this excerpt from the Homeric Hymn To Hestia: "Hestia, you who tend the holy house of the lord Apollo...come now into this house...having one mind with Zeus the all-wise..."?

In it I talked about how strange it was that Classical cultures still talked about the invention of fire making as if it was a really really big deal?

And I also talked about the fact that before people learned to make fire themselves, Fire (Hestia) descended to earth from the Sun (Apollo, Helios) through Thunder/Lightning (Zeus)... 

So if fire (Hestia) was made (Fathered) by the thunder/lightning (Zeus) then Hermes, "the messenger of Zeus", is the perfect inventor of the fire stick and fire making...

I talked about this in my post "12 Olympians" about (apparently inexplicable 🙂) link between Hermes and Hestia (fire)... 

What did Hermes do after that? He invented a lyre which he gifted to Apollo...

I talked about why this lyre (tortoise body, bull horns, sheep intestines) is actually a complex animal calendar marker for Apr/May in my post "Lyre of Apollo"...

The most ancient depiction of Archaic Greek Hermes is this bronze from the 6th century BC. Hermes Kriophoros is wearing a tunic with belt and zig-zag pattern, has wings on his legs, and is bearing a ram...Why would god born in Apr/May cary a ram?

Cause Apr/May is when Lambing season finishes and milking season starts...I talked about this in my post "April"...

In exchange, Apollo gave him Caduceus topped with two snakes...

Snake is an animal calendar marker for Apr/May, beginning of summer, domain of the sun. Cause the most common Eurasian snakes mating season starts in Apr/May...

I also talked about this in my post "Lyre of Apollo"...

Add to this cockerel as another animal calendar marker for Apr/May and...

Oh! Almost forgot. What about the money and trade? Why was Hermes god of trade? The trading was at the time of Hermes mostly done by boat. And the sailing season in Eastern Mediterranean starts in...Apr/May...

The sailing season starts in Apr/May, because this is when the "good sailing winds", Etesian  winds, start blowing from the north...

Talked about this in many of my posts...

And so Hermes, basically deified Apr/May, announces the beginning of the sailing (trading) season and becomes the patron of trade...

I think this is all very very cool...What do you think?

To read more about ancient animal and plant calendar markers, which are at the root of all our mythologies, start here…Then check my twitter threads I still didn't convert to blog post...I am way way behind...

Chaste tree

Chaste tree: leaves, flowers, fruit. It flowers from Jun to Sep. The fruits ripen between late Sep and Nov. 

The ripe fruits were found in large quantities in the Philistine temple in Gath dated to 10th - 9th c. BC. You can read more about this in this article...

Chaste tree has been used to treat menstrual cycle problems and pain, premenstrual syndrome, and menopause. Chaste tree berries help stimulate progesterone, which is why they have also been used to prevent miscarriage associated with low progesterone levels...

Which is why, I believe, in the above articles we can read that the chaste tree fruits were part of the cargo of the Late Bronze Age Uluburun shipwreck (late 14th century BC), revealing that they were valued during that time.

We know, from the written records, that in Ancient Greece the chaste tree was used at the female agricultural festival of Thesmophoria, an ancient Greek festival in honour of Demeter and her daughter Persephone. If anyone knows how, please post it here.

The Thesmophoria was held annually in the autumn, specifically during the month of Pyanepsion in the Attic calendar. This corresponds to late Oc or early Nov. THIS IS IMPORTANT! 

Also the cult of Artemis Orthia (8th-6th c. BC) in Sparta was associated with this plant.

The above article then says "These historical data for the cultic role of the chaste tree are later than the Philistines’ Gath temples, so no direct connections can be made between them..."

"...[But] the symbolism of the cults allied with the chaste tree accords with numerous female figurines in Philistine contexts, which have been identified as connected with widespread cults of the Aegean or Mycenaean Great Mother Goddess..."

"...Connections between Aegean and Philistine cults have been noted before, but this new data from Gath determine the first such connection that relates to cultic plant use..."

"...All the cults mentioned above relate to freshwater / purity, fertility, and rejuvenation..."

I would suggest that this plant was held especially sacred by women because the harvest time of its fruit corresponds with the arrival of rains in Palestine...The rains, which are source of fresh water, which is used for purification, and which every winter rejuvenates Palestine and makes its land fertile...This plant literally links female and earth fertility...

This is also the time when Ibex goats start their mating, marked  by mad male ibex fights.

Which is why ibex goat became animal calendar marker for the beginning of the rain season...The Goat of Rain...

Which is why in Levant, rampant ibex goats were linked to the tree of life. Shaped like a menorah...A pottery vessel, a ewer, from the Fosse temple at Lachish dated to the 13th c. BC. I talked about this in my post "Lachish animal calendar"...

Here is another vessel from the Fosse temple at Lachish also dated to the 13th century BC. On this vessel we see two rampant goats facing not a tree, but a vulva...Vulva is the symbol of fertility number one...Obviously...Easy to understand why...

Except the vulva here is symbolic depiction of "fertile (moist) Mother Earth", "Mother of Grain"...I talked about the Mother of Grain in many of my posts...

Also I wonder if these groves are actually furrows...

You should especially check this post, "The oldest Demeter depiction", about the Early Bronze Age Mothers of Grain from Greece and Syria...

The grain is planted in both Greece and Syria in Oct/Nov. At the time when the first rains arrive to the area...And when chaste tree fruit is being harvested...So no wonder that this tree was used during festival dedicated to Demeter, the greek Mother of Grain...

That's it. To read more about ancient animal and plant calendar markers, start here…Then check my twitter threads I still didn't convert to blog post...I am way way behind...

Little horses

The žirgeliai (little horses), are common motifs on Lithuanian rooftops, placed there for protection of the house...

They are a symbolic depiction of the Ašvieniai, Baltic counterparts of Vedic Ashvins, who are said to pull the chariot of Saulė (the Sun Goddess) through the sky. As depicted on this rooftop of a house in Nida...

Both names, Lithuanian ašva and Sanskrit ashva, mean "horse" and are derive from the same Proto-Indo-European root for the horse – *ek'w-...

And in India, we also find (horse headed) twins...

Surya's wife Saranyu transforms into a mare and runs away from her husband. Surya eventually finds her, turns himself into a white stallion and...

After which Saranyu delivers horse head twins called Ashvins...

I talked about this in my post "Hayagriva" about the Indian solar horse mythology...

BTW, these guys were hidden in our zodiac as Dioskuri, divine twin horsemen... 

The guys who wanted to marry "the daughters of the white horse". They mark Summer Solstice, the peak of the horse mating season, characterised by wild stallion fights for mares...

I talked about solar horse (more precisely equid) in many of my posts...

We find the same horse twins in Etruria. I talked about this in my post "Ponte Sodo fibula" about this Etruscan gold disc fibula, from the Necropolis of Ponte Sodo, Vulci, Etruria, Italy. 650 BC, from the "Orientalizing period". Currently in the Antikensammlungen, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. 

We find them in Sasanian Iran, on this plate with youths and winged horses drinking water from a jar ca. 5th–6th century AD. I talked about this in my post "Dioskuri plate from Iran"...

And in Gotland. Together with horses. And pile of soar symbols...I talked about this in my post "Gotland sun stone with Dioscuri"...

But this link between (horse) twins and Summer Solstice is not just an Indo-European thing. 

In Mesopotamia, we find them "guarding the gates of hell". In my post "White raven" about Apollo-Nergal, I talk about the Sumerian twin gods, identified as Gemini constellation, and associated with Nergal, which "guard the gates of hell"...Are they holding torches? Or keys?

And in Egypt, we find god Hapi, the god of the annual flooding of the Nile, who was "often depicted as twins, tying papyrus and lotus flowers together". Papyrus flowers in Apr/May, and lotus in Jul/Aug...I talked about him/them 🙂 in my post "Lotus and papyrus"...

Twins marking summer solstice, Nubia. I talked about this in my post "Meroitic language"...

In Central America the Hero Twins pour the water of heaven (rains there arrive in Jun/Jul). I talked about this in my post "Resurrection of the maize god"...

To read more about ancient animal and plant calendar markers, which are at the root of all our mythologies, start here…Then check my twitter threads I still didn't convert to blog post...I am way way behind...