Mehr

Late Sassanian depiction of a deity on a column capital now held in Taqe Bostan , which @persiaantiqua identified as Mehr (Mithra) based on the fact that he is surrounded by blooming lotuses...

Mithra was directly associated with lotus, to the point where on the most famous relief of Mithra, the one from Taqe Bostan, he is actually depicted standing on a lotus flower, radiating light, while witnessing Ahura Mazda giving ring of power to king Ardashir II...

I talked about this ring giving ceremony and it's meaning in my post "The ear ring of god" if anyone is interested...

Anyway, why Lotus? Mitra originates in India. Where he was, in the earliest times, directly associated with Varuna, the old Monsoon good whose Vahana was a crocodile, an animal calendar marker for the monsoon season in India....

Varuna, the old Monsoon god, rides on a crocodile/Makara...In India, crocodiles hatch during the monsoon season...I talked about this in my posts "Makara" "Yakshi" "Proto Durga" and "Maruts".

Mithra was so closely linked to Varuna, that the two of them were invoked together as Mitra/Varuna...Which would indicate that Indian Mitra was also in some way linked to the monsoon season in India. How?

I recently read this paper "Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun" by David H. Sick, in which he talks about the solar aspect of Mithra and proposes that Indian Mitra, the observer and enforcer of contracts between men and gods, was (linked to) the sun from the earliest times...

This is because sun sees and knows everything...Slavs called sun god Svetovid, meaning "The one who sees (everything in) the world", but also "The one who makes things visible in the world"...I talked about this in my post "Svetovid"...

Most people in the world thought the same about the sun.

Skull with amber discs on clay in eye-sockets. 

Dated to the 4th mill BC. Latvia. One of many amber "sun" disc (obverse (sun cross), reverse (sun rays) and cross-section) made by the same culture...

And Sumerian symbol for sun...

Sun + Eye = Sight

I talked about this in my post "Sun eyes"...

The Sun = The God of Justice...The one who sees everything...Like Utu/Shamash, Mesopotamian Sun God...

Akkadian seal, 2350-2100BC. From "Gods, demons and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary" by Jeremy Black and Anthony Green...Depicting the sun god Utu/Shamash...The god of justice...Being bribed...I talk about this in my post "Bribing Shamash"...

The Sun God Shamash whose symbol was a cross...

I talked about this in my post "The cross of Shamash"...

The symbol on this Solar Disc, the symbol of Shamash, is the Solar Cross, which combines a sun, a cross (solstices and equinoxes), and wavy lines representing sun (heat) rays...

The Sun God Shamash, who is the "Central light of the Menorah"...

I talked about this in many of my posts...

The Sun God Shamash, God of Justice, who is related to this "other" God of Justice" who also sees everything...

Christ as the sun-god Helios/Sol, 3rd c. AD, Vatican. Christ is born on Winter Solstice, (re)birth day of the sun (god), he enters Jerusalem on a donkey, "animal of the (sun) gods and kings", and gets put on a cross, symbol of the sun (god). Interesting...

I talked about this in my "Alexamenos graffito"...

Anyway, I talked extensively about Mithras/Mithra/Mitra, including about his solar aspect, in my post "Mithras"...

And in it I postulated that this god was, from it's earliest incarnation in India, directly linked to Jul/Aug...When Mithras kills bull...In Leo...

Lion (autumn, starts in Leo) killing Bull (summer, starts in Taurus) depicted on the wall of the Great Mosque of Diyarbakir the oldest mosque in Anatolia.

I talk about the meaning of this complex animal calendar marker in my posts "Mystery seal", "Angra Mainyu" "Bull leaping in Syria", "Lion killing bull under date palm", "Butt chewing" and many others....

Or to depict it in Indian way, when the lion of Parvati meets the bull of Shiva

Ardhanarishvara, the union of Shiva and Parvati, is a complex calendar marker for the peak of the monsoon season, Jul/Aug, where bull=summer=May/Jun/Jul  meets  lion=autumn=Aug/Sep/Oct 

Which produces (the tree of) life and the river Ganges. 

I talked about this in my post "Ardhanarishvara"...

More specifically Mithras/Mithra/Mitra was linked to the Sun in Jul/Aug...Interestingly, in India monsoon starts properly around summer solstice and peaks in Jul/Aug...So it is the Monsoon Sun, the ultimate Judge, that determines if people deserve Monsoon rain or not...

It is after all the sun that heats the ocean, evaporates the water and creates the summer wet monsoon...

I talked about this in my post "Vayu, about Vayu, the Hindu god of wind whose name literally means air/wind. But not just any wind. Summer monsoon wind...

And it is the sun that heats the earth, evaporates the water and creates the winter, dry monsoon. I talked about this dual effect (summer vs winter monsoon) of the sun on Indian subcontinent in my post "Surya's wives"...

This very happy looking dude, with two gorgeous babes sitting on his laps, is no other than the Vedic Sun God Surya. He is positively "beaming" with pride...And I guess pretty glad to have few extra hands...But what is really the narrative here?  

But Mitra is not Surya. The same way Apollo is not Helios...But they are still both linked to the sun in Jul/Aug, Leo...

If you are interested in how and why Apollo is linked to the sun in Jul/Aug, check these posts:

1. "Palil". About "Palil" a nickname of Nergal, the terrible, burning, destructive sun of Jul/Aug, Leo...And about the origin of the name Apollo and its meaning...

2. "Lord of the flies". About Nergal and Apollo as "The lords of the flies"...And about Jul/Aug, Leo, being the peak of the fly and fly born diseases season in Northern Hemisphere...

3. "Lions of Delos". About the Lions of Delos, the burning destructive sun in Jul/Aug, Leo, and the fact that both Nergal and Apollo are linked to lions. 

4. "Apollo and dolphins". About Jul/Aug, Leo being the "best time to sail in Eastern Mediterranean", and the link between dolphins and Lions...and Apollo...

5. "Marble throne of Apollo". About snakes (symbols of sun's heat), dragons (symbols of burning sun's heat) and terrible sun gods, Nergal and Apollo who are dragons themselves...

6. "Apollo and Python". About why Python followed Apollo after his birth? Cause snakes are solar animals...According to the Delphian tradition, Apollo was born on the 7th day of the month of Bysios (Jan/Feb)

7. "White raven". About the black and white raven legend which is found in both Nergal and Apollo mythology, Egyptian vultures and the twins that guard the gates of hell. And some other weird stuff...

8. "Threshing floor of Apollo". About the threshing floors as solar observatories/temples, about the threshing floor of Apollo from Delphi, about Jul/Aug, Leo, being the holy month of Apollo, and about solar bonfires...

9. "Apollo the great archer". About why Apollo was the terrible "far shooting" archer...About arrow and bow constellation from Mesopotamia, Ishtar, Sirius, and Jul/Aug, the season of Perseid meteor shower...

10. "Apollo Sminthius". About Apollo his arrows that cause plague and peak infectious diseases season, Jul/Aug

And if you are interested in how Mitra was linked to the sun in Jul/Aug, in Leo, read my post "Mithras"...

Ok...But what about lotus? Well, lotus peak flowering season in India is Jul-Aug (Leo), the peak monsoon season and the peak flood season...

I talked about it in my post "Modesty", in which I explain why is Lajjā Gaurī, a Hindu goddess associated with abundance, fertility and sexuality depicted with Lotus head... 

Now, we don't have any depictions of Mitra at all, so I have no proof that Indian Mitra was associated with lotus. But the god that replaced Mitra/Varuna, Indra, held lotus...Indra with lotus, late 7th–early 8th c. AD, Kālikā Mātā Temple. The pic is from this paper...

Indra holds lotus while riding on an elephant...

Indian elephants mate during Indian monsoon season...

Which is why Indra, the thunder and rain god, rides not just on any elephant, but on a white (cloud) elephant...

Articles about elephant calendar marker, India: "Musth", "Samantabhadra", "Modesty", "Ganesha"...

Oh, and btw, Indra, replacement for Indian Mitra also wielded Vajra (Sanskrit for club/mace)...Which is cognate with Vazra (Avestan for club/mace), main weapon of Iranian Mithra...

And this is important because Leo, Jul/Aug is also the peak Rudra season...When stone clubs/maces fall from the sky together with rain...I talked about it in my post "Rudra"...

I think that the fact that lotus, as plant calendar marker, makes a lot of sense being linked to Mitra in India, but very little sense being linked to Mitra in Iran, indicates that this is another proof that Iranian Mithra is actually imported Indian Mitra...

In Iran, due to the climate being the opposite to Indian climate, imported Indian deities lost a lot of their original symbolic meaning. A lot of symbols were kept, like lotus, but the meaning was lost...

I talked about this in my post "Daevas vs Devas". 

Zoroaster said that "daevas" were "wrong" or "false" gods that should be rejected...Were Iranian "daevas" actually Indian "devas"? And if so, what could have turned devas (good guys) into daevas (bad guys)??? Well, the opposite climate of course...

In India, Jul/Aug is the wettest time of the year, the time of flood, while in Iran, Jul/Aug is the driest time of the year, the time of drought. Yet, Iranians still celebrate lotus festival, linked to Anahita, goddess of water, in Jul.

I will talk about Anahita and lotus soon...

But this link between lotus and Iranian water goddess and Jul/Aug, just confirms that my interpretation of the link between lotus and Iranian Mithra was correct...I think...🙂

What do you think?

That's it. To read more about ancient animal and plant calendar markers, start here…Then check my twitter threads I still didn't convert to blog post...I am way way behind...

Cilician Nergal

A while back I came across this very interesting coin minted by Syennesis III who was king of Cilicia dated to 420-400 BC. On the obverse, it depicts a horse rider while on the reverse, it depicts the god of war Nergal...

Nergal, Mesopotamian god of war (death and pestilence), is depicted like a warrior, armed with a spear and a bow and arrows...We know it is Nergal because this is what is written next to him in Aramaic...

Funnily enough, @PIELexicon (great account well worth following) posted this yesterday

The gear of the Great King Šuppiluliuma (his divine identity was a protection god) tells really something about him – and the Hittites: It is exceptional how the king is portrayed with spear, bow and sword not unlike an ordinary warrior – Only the crown really tells his position

To which @ahahistory2 (another great account well worth following) replied

Tarkasnawa, king of Mira, depicted himself in a nearly identical way.

To which I replied: They are not portrayed as ordinary warriors. They are portrayed as gods of war...I am currently working on (this) thread about identical depiction of Nergal (as warrior with spear and bow and arrows) from Tartus dated to 5th century BC...

I am now convinced that these are depictions of the kings as gods, as Nergal...

Nergal was worshiped by both Hittites/Hurrians and Arzawans (Kingdom of Mira was part of Arzawa confederation) as god of plague, death and war...

Hittites/Hurrians knew him as Aplu...Basically Apollo...Yup this dude

What was the plague that Apollo unleashed on the Achaeans at Troy? This is what the authors of "The Sminthian Apollo and the Epidemic among the Achaeans at Troy" have to say about it:

"Homer gives no symptoms of the pestilence which killed the Greeks at Troy but states that the mules and dogs died before the men. The disease therefore cannot have been black plague. Man is susceptible to it but equines and dogs are not..."

"The disease which is the best candidate for killing is equine encephalomyelitis which at the present time kills equines 7 to 14 days before symptoms appear in man. The death of dogs in modern epidemics is unusual but, experimentally, young dogs are susceptible..."

"In the epidemic at Troy rodents played no part. The arrows were the direct transmitter of the disease. Mosquitoes, as we now know, can transmit a number of diseases including equine encephalomyelitis...And there are plenty of swamps with mosquitoes around Troy..."

"Since mosquitoes are the usual vectors for equine encephalomyelitis it is possible that the terrifying sound of Apollo's bow is a metaphor for the terrifying sound of myriads of mosquitoes..."

Love this. Again, remember "Lord of the Flies" (and other flying biting insects which swarm during the hottest part of the year, Jul/Aug), Nergal, Apollo?

Interestingly, equine encephalomyelitis peak season is...Jul/Aug...The time ruled by Nergal, Apollo...

From my article "Apollo Sminthius" about Apollo, the terrible archer, "...who could bring...deadly plague [disease] with his arrows"...

And Arzawans knew him as two gods:

War and plague god Iyarri, also known as Yarri, a twin of Mesopotamian Erra another name for Nergal...

And as the war god Šanta/Šanda

Šanta, who survived in Anatolia all the way through the Iron age...Where we find him as Nergal of Tartus 🙂 the dude from the original Cilician coin...

You can read about this in Gods and Languages in Ancient Anatolia...

It is the fact that all these Anatolian Nergal twins, including the one depicted this coin, were armed with a bow and arrow, that made me jump with excitement...

Why? Cause this is another proof that Apollo (the terrible archer who brings death and plague with his arrows) is in fact Greek version of Nergal (the bringer of death and plague) who now also turns out to be armed with a bow and arrow, making him too "a terrible archer"...

This transition from Nergal to Apollo went  through Hittite/Hurrian Aplu. I talked about this in my post "Palil"...

But also through Resheph, another Nergal twin, who was also "a terrible archer" who brought death to Leavnt and Cyprus and and who was in Cyprus directly linked to Apollo. I talked about this in my post "Apollo - Resheph"...

Actually I have a whole series of articles about the link between Apollo and Nergal which you might find interesting

1. "Palil". About "Palil" a nickname of Nergal, the terrible, burning, destructive sun of Jul/Aug, Leo...And about the origin of the name Apollo and its meaning...

2. "Lord of the flies". About Nergal and Apollo as "The lords of the flies"...And about Jul/Aug, Leo, being the peak of the fly and fly born diseases season in Northern Hemisphere...

3. "Lions of Delos". About the Lions of Delos, the burning destructive sun in Jul/Aug, Leo, and the fact that both Nergal and Apollo are linked to lions. 

4. "Apollo and dolphins". About Jul/Aug, Leo being the "best time to sail in Eastern Mediterranean", and the link between dolphins and Lions...and Apollo...

5. "Marble throne of Apollo". About snakes (symbols of sun's heat), dragons (symbols of burning sun's heat) and terrible sun gods, Nergal and Apollo who are dragons themselves...

6. "Apollo and Python". About why Python followed Apollo after his birth? Cause snakes are solar animals...According to the Delphian tradition, Apollo was born on the 7th day of the month of Bysios (Jan/Feb)

7. "White raven". About the black and white raven legend which is found in both Nergal and Apollo mythology, Egyptian vultures and the twins that guard the gates of hell. And some other weird stuff...

8. "Threshing floor of Apollo". About the threshing floors as solar observatories/temples, about the threshing floor of Apollo from Delphi, about Jul/Aug, Leo, being the holy month of Apollo, and about solar bonfires...

9. "Apollo the great archer". About why Apollo was the terrible "far shooting" archer...About arrow and bow constellation from Mesopotamia, Ishtar, Sirius, and Jul/Aug, the season of Perseid meteor shower...

10. "Apollo Sminthius". About Apollo his arrows that cause plague and peak infectious diseases season, Jul/Aug

Resheph's name means "flame, fire" (important) but Phoenician texts also call him "Ba'al-chatz" (lord of the arrow), his connection to archery being deeply tied to his role as a bringer of disease...

We also find Resheph in Egypt where he is mostly depicted with a spear and a mace (important)...But was also linked with bow and arrows (important)...And was called "The Great God, The Lord of the Sky" (important)...You can read about this in The Canaanite god Rešep...

BTW, It seems that both Cypriots and Egyptians knew that when they said Resheph they meant Nergal...

Speaking of Nergal and Cyprus, in the Amarna letter EA 35 (14th c. BC) the King of Alashiya apologizes to the Egyptian pharaoh for the small copper shipment he sent, explaining that the "hand of Nergal" (a plague) had struck his country.

Egyptians had their own Lord of the sky armed with mace, bow and arrows, Horus the Elder, aka Horus of Beḥuṭet, aka Horus of Edfû...Who was depicted holding both club and bow and arrows (important)...

And as a lion (important) with falcon head...And Plutarch (40-120AD), a Greek philosopher, historian...and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi (!!!)...states that this particular Lion Horus was equated with Apollo...

I talk about it in my post "Horus the elder"...

Why all these annoying "(important)" bits?

Well let's extract them all out: "Sky god", whose name means "flame, fire", armed with "both club and bow and arrows" with "lion" body...

Jul/Aug, Leo, is the hottest and driest time of the year in Eastern Mediterranean (including Greece, Cyprus and Egypt), Western Asia (Levant, Syria), Mesopotamia and Iran...

BTW, Jul/Aug is marked with animal calendar marker Leo (Lion) because this is when Eurasian lions main mating season used to start...It originally had nothing to do with constellations. I talked about this in many of my posts...

Nergal was deified destructive sun in Leo, which is why he was depicted as the Lion-Man or as a man with lion sceptre...I talked about him first in my post "Winged super human hero"...

Now, remember Anatolian Nergal twin Iyarri, who was actually just Akkadian Nergal twin, Erra? His name is derived from the Semitic root HRR, "to scorch"? Which means that Erra meant "The Scorching one". Sun in Jul/Aug, Leo...I talked about Erra in my post "Palil"...

This is also why Reshpeh's name meant flame/fire... According to the Sumerians, "the fire descends from the sky" in Jul/Aug, the month of Abu, the month of fires, torches...

Originally, I thought that "fire descending from the sky" just meant "this is when the sun is hottest", which is still true. But now I am convinced that in the past, this was truly  the time when fire literally descended from the sky...

What happens in Jul/Aug is the peak of the Perseid meteor shower, which originates from the area of the Perseus Constellation...See raised hand towards the source of Perseids?

Today, what Perseus throws down on earth is bunch of shooting stars, small stone particles which burn out in the Earth's atmosphere before they reach the Earth surface...And look like shining arrows being shot at earth from the sky...

Which is why in Mesopotamia, The origin of Nergal, Sirius, which rises with the sun during the Perseid meteor shower, was seen as an arrow and the surrounding stars were seen as a bow...

And why Ishtar, deified Sirius, the lady that rides on lions (Sirius rises with the sun as a "Morning Star" in Jul/Aug, Leo), is armed with bow and arrows...Like on this 1900-1700 BC, Old-Babylonian plaque...BTW, that is sun above the lion's head, sun in Leo...

And why Sumerian Nergal, and all his Akkadian, Syrian, Levantine, Egyptian, Cypriot, Anatolian, Greek...twins are all "Sky gods armed with bow and arrows" too...

Bow and arrows which bring plague, disease...Why? Cause Jul/Aug is peak infectious disease season in all these parts of the world...

I talked about this in my post "Lord of the flies"...

Basically, the shining arrows start falling from the sky, and infectious diseases start to spread. So mythology...As I said many times before, mythology is a result of people being very good at noticing patterns in nature and very bad at distinguishing between correlation and causation...

Remember Aplu, Hittite Nergal twin, the guy who gave Apollo his name? During Suppiluliuma I's reign (1344–1322 BC), a devastating pandemic spread across the region, heavily affecting Hittite lands. The Hittites attributed this outbreak to the god Aplu/Nergal...

Hittite records show extensive rituals, prayers, and offerings directed at Aplu/Nergal during this time, pleading with the god to stop his rampage and lift the plague...BTW, this is the same plague that the Amarna Letters talk about...

So now you know why "Sky (sun) god, whose name means flame, fire, and who is armed with bow an arrows" is important...And why I was so happy to discover the depiction of Nergal armed with a bow and arrows...

Interestingly, Nergal on the Cilician (Tartus) coin, also has a lion skin draped over his shoulder...Which equates him with the Phoenician god, Melqart (will talk about him soon), and the Greek god, Heracles...

Heracles, whose first labour was to kill a Nemean Lion...Ever wondered why?

Paionia 359-335 BC...

Since then Heracles wore a lion’s skin...and was also armed with a club and bow and arrows. Every wondered why?

Erythrai (Ionia), 350-300 BC...

Heracles first kills a lion and drapes its skin over his body, effectively becoming a Lion Man because he is another twin of Nergal, The Original Lion Man, The destructive sun and the deadly archer of Jul/Aug, Leo...

Nergal was actually directly equated to Heracles in Hatra, the city of the (deadly) sun. I will talk about this soon...For now check this out...

Maran (Lord) Shamash (Sun) with bull horns, the main god of Hatra, an ancient city in Mesopotamia, whose full name was Hatra (Temple) Shamash (Sun)...

Maran...Like Maran-Atha (Our Lord - has come) from the bible? Which lord? Golden calf. Sun in Taurus. 

I talk about this in my post "Maran"...

Oh and BTW, Luwian Šanta/Nergal was also equated with Heracles... 🙂

So Heracle is armed with bow and arrows because in Jul/Aug, Leo, shining arrows fall from the sky. And he is armed with a club, because in the past, in Jul/Aug, Leo, shining clubs (used to) fall from the sky too...

I discuss the true identity of the Heracles in my posts "Cetus" and "Mithras"...

BTW, Kushans had this three headed Rudra holding a trident of Shiva and a lion skin and a club of Heracles, basically symbolically telling you that they are all one and the same. I talked about this in my post "Rudra"...

Oh and you can add one more Lion Man, Deadly Archer, Wielder of Clubs, Thrower of Flaming Rocks from the Sky to this club. This dude...If you are interested in why Mithra kills a bull in Leo, read my "Mithras" about Mithras/Mithra/Mitra...

BTW, Mithras killing bull is equivalent of Lion (Autumn, Jul/Aug-Oct/Nov) killing (ending) Bull (Summer, Apr/May-Jul/Aug)". 

On this relief on a stone sarcophagus found in China and dated to 598 AD, the rider is interpreted as Iranian Mithra...And below him is depiction of lion killing bull...Why? Cause Mithra/Mithras IS the Lion killing the bull of summer. 

I talked about this calendaric symbol in many of my posts...

Mithra was directly associated with lotus, to the point where on the most famous relief of Mithra, the one from Taqe Bostan, he is actually depicted standing on a lotus flower, radiating light, while witnessing Ahura Mazda giving ring of power to king Ardashir II...

Mithra is associated with lotus because Iranian Mithra was originally Indian Mitra. Mitra was, in the earliest times, directly associated with Varuna, the old Monsoon good whose Vahana was a crocodile, an animal calendar marker for the monsoon season in India....

Varuna, the old Monsoon god, rides on a crocodile/Makara...In India, crocodiles hatch during the monsoon season...I talked about this in my posts "Makara" "Yakshi" "Proto Durga" and "Maruts".

Mithra was so closely linked to Varuna, that the two of them were invoked together as Mitra/Varuna...They were twinned...

And in India, lotus flowers during the monsoon season, which peaks in Jul/Aug. 

I talked about lotus as a plant calendar marker in India, Mesopotamia and Egypt in many of my posts...

So lotus as a flower of Mitra and by extension Mithra...

Guess what. On the Cilician coin, both Nergal and the horseman on the obverse hold a lotus flower. To ensure we realise that Nergal is the Deadly, Death and Disease bringing Sun (Sky God) of Jul/Aug, Leo, when shining arrows (and clubs) fall from the sky...

One last thing. The Cilician coin depicts a very strange tree behind Nergal. Any idea what kind of tree that could be? To me it looks like a dead tree, which would fit perfectly with the Nergal, Sun of Jul/Aug, the hottest and driest part of the year, the time of droughts...

I think I will stop here. The original coin is from this great paper The coins of Tarsus with lots of other interesting coins from the same region and time period. I will (hopefully) get back to this page one day to analyse few more of them...

Hope you have fun reading this. Also, this thread is really important for understanding my upcoming thread about the birth of Athena...This is part of the bigger Athena story, but I just had too much material for one thread, so I split it into several "smaller" 🙂 threads...

PS: Completely forgot to mention that Luwian Šanta/Nergal was also equated with Heracles... 🙂

If you are interested in reading more about ancient animal and plant calendar markers, which are at the root of all our mythologies, start here…Then check my twitter threads I still didn't convert to blog post...I am way way behind...