Cilician Nergal

A while back I came across this very interesting coin minted by Syennesis III who was king of Cilicia dated to 420-400 BC. On the obverse, it depicts a horse rider while on the reverse, it depicts the god of war Nergal...

Nergal, Mesopotamian god of war (death and pestilence), is depicted like a warrior, armed with a spear and a bow and arrows...We know it is Nergal because this is what is written next to him in Aramaic...

Funnily enough, @PIELexicon (great account well worth following) posted this yesterday

The gear of the Great King Šuppiluliuma (his divine identity was a protection god) tells really something about him – and the Hittites: It is exceptional how the king is portrayed with spear, bow and sword not unlike an ordinary warrior – Only the crown really tells his position

To which @ahahistory2 (another great account well worth following) replied

Tarkasnawa, king of Mira, depicted himself in a nearly identical way.

To which I replied: They are not portrayed as ordinary warriors. They are portrayed as gods of war...I am currently working on (this) thread about identical depiction of Nergal (as warrior with spear and bow and arrows) from Tartus dated to 5th century BC...

I am now convinced that these are depictions of the kings as gods, as Nergal...

Nergal was worshiped by both Hittites/Hurrians and Arzawans (Kingdom of Mira was part of Arzawa confederation) as god of plague, death and war...

Hittites/Hurrians knew him as Aplu...Basically Apollo...Yup this dude

What was the plague that Apollo unleashed on the Achaeans at Troy? This is what the authors of "The Sminthian Apollo and the Epidemic among the Achaeans at Troy" have to say about it:

"Homer gives no symptoms of the pestilence which killed the Greeks at Troy but states that the mules and dogs died before the men. The disease therefore cannot have been black plague. Man is susceptible to it but equines and dogs are not..."

"The disease which is the best candidate for killing is equine encephalomyelitis which at the present time kills equines 7 to 14 days before symptoms appear in man. The death of dogs in modern epidemics is unusual but, experimentally, young dogs are susceptible..."

"In the epidemic at Troy rodents played no part. The arrows were the direct transmitter of the disease. Mosquitoes, as we now know, can transmit a number of diseases including equine encephalomyelitis...And there are plenty of swamps with mosquitoes around Troy..."

"Since mosquitoes are the usual vectors for equine encephalomyelitis it is possible that the terrifying sound of Apollo's bow is a metaphor for the terrifying sound of myriads of mosquitoes..."

Love this. Again, remember "Lord of the Flies" (and other flying biting insects which swarm during the hottest part of the year, Jul/Aug), Nergal, Apollo?

Interestingly, equine encephalomyelitis peak season is...Jul/Aug...The time ruled by Nergal, Apollo...

From my article "Apollo Sminthius" about Apollo, the terrible archer, "...who could bring...deadly plague [disease] with his arrows"...

And Arzawans knew him as two gods:

War and plague god Iyarri, also known as Yarri, a twin of Mesopotamian Erra another name for Nergal...

And as the war god Šanta/Šanda

Šanta, who survived in Anatolia all the way through the Iron age...Where we find him as Nergal of Tartus 🙂 the dude from the original Cilician coin...

You can read about this in Gods and Languages in Ancient Anatolia...

It is the fact that all these Anatolian Nergal twins, including the one depicted this coin, were armed with a bow and arrow, that made me jump with excitement...

Why? Cause this is another proof that Apollo (the terrible archer who brings death and plague with his arrows) is in fact Greek version of Nergal (the bringer of death and plague) who now also turns out to be armed with a bow and arrow, making him too "a terrible archer"...

This transition from Nergal to Apollo went  through Hittite/Hurrian Aplu. I talked about this in my post "Palil"...

But also through Resheph, another Nergal twin, who was also "a terrible archer" who brought death to Leavnt and Cyprus and and who was in Cyprus directly linked to Apollo. I talked about this in my post "Apollo - Resheph"...

Actually I have a whole series of articles about the link between Apollo and Nergal which you might find interesting

1. "Palil". About "Palil" a nickname of Nergal, the terrible, burning, destructive sun of Jul/Aug, Leo...And about the origin of the name Apollo and its meaning...

2. "Lord of the flies". About Nergal and Apollo as "The lords of the flies"...And about Jul/Aug, Leo, being the peak of the fly and fly born diseases season in Northern Hemisphere...

3. "Lions of Delos". About the Lions of Delos, the burning destructive sun in Jul/Aug, Leo, and the fact that both Nergal and Apollo are linked to lions. 

4. "Apollo and dolphins". About Jul/Aug, Leo being the "best time to sail in Eastern Mediterranean", and the link between dolphins and Lions...and Apollo...

5. "Marble throne of Apollo". About snakes (symbols of sun's heat), dragons (symbols of burning sun's heat) and terrible sun gods, Nergal and Apollo who are dragons themselves...

6. "Apollo and Python". About why Python followed Apollo after his birth? Cause snakes are solar animals...According to the Delphian tradition, Apollo was born on the 7th day of the month of Bysios (Jan/Feb)

7. "White raven". About the black and white raven legend which is found in both Nergal and Apollo mythology, Egyptian vultures and the twins that guard the gates of hell. And some other weird stuff...

8. "Threshing floor of Apollo". About the threshing floors as solar observatories/temples, about the threshing floor of Apollo from Delphi, about Jul/Aug, Leo, being the holy month of Apollo, and about solar bonfires...

9. "Apollo the great archer". About why Apollo was the terrible "far shooting" archer...About arrow and bow constellation from Mesopotamia, Ishtar, Sirius, and Jul/Aug, the season of Perseid meteor shower...

10. "Apollo Sminthius". About Apollo his arrows that cause plague and peak infectious diseases season, Jul/Aug

Resheph's name means "flame, fire" (important) but Phoenician texts also call him "Ba'al-chatz" (lord of the arrow), his connection to archery being deeply tied to his role as a bringer of disease...

We also find Resheph in Egypt where he is mostly depicted with a spear and a mace (important)...But was also linked with bow and arrows (important)...And was called "The Great God, The Lord of the Sky" (important)...You can read about this in The Canaanite god Rešep...

BTW, It seems that both Cypriots and Egyptians knew that when they said Resheph they meant Nergal...

Speaking of Nergal and Cyprus, in the Amarna letter EA 35 (14th c. BC) the King of Alashiya apologizes to the Egyptian pharaoh for the small copper shipment he sent, explaining that the "hand of Nergal" (a plague) had struck his country.

Egyptians had their own Lord of the sky armed with mace, bow and arrows, Horus the Elder, aka Horus of Beḥuṭet, aka Horus of Edfû...Who was depicted holding both club and bow and arrows (important)...

And as a lion (important) with falcon head...And Plutarch (40-120AD), a Greek philosopher, historian...and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi (!!!)...states that this particular Lion Horus was equated with Apollo...

I talk about it in my post "Horus the elder"...

Why all these annoying "(important)" bits?

Well let's extract them all out: "Sky god", whose name means "flame, fire", armed with "both club and bow and arrows" with "lion" body...

Jul/Aug, Leo, is the hottest and driest time of the year in Eastern Mediterranean (including Greece, Cyprus and Egypt), Western Asia (Levant, Syria), Mesopotamia and Iran...

BTW, Jul/Aug is marked with animal calendar marker Leo (Lion) because this is when Eurasian lions main mating season used to start...It originally had nothing to do with constellations. I talked about this in many of my posts...

Nergal was deified destructive sun in Leo, which is why he was depicted as the Lion-Man or as a man with lion sceptre...I talked about him first in my post "Winged super human hero"...

Now, remember Anatolian Nergal twin Iyarri, who was actually just Akkadian Nergal twin, Erra? His name is derived from the Semitic root HRR, "to scorch"? Which means that Erra meant "The Scorching one". Sun in Jul/Aug, Leo...I talked about Erra in my post "Palil"...

This is also why Reshpeh's name meant flame/fire... According to the Sumerians, "the fire descends from the sky" in Jul/Aug, the month of Abu, the month of fires, torches...

Originally, I thought that "fire descending from the sky" just meant "this is when the sun is hottest", which is still true. But now I am convinced that in the past, this was truly  the time when fire literally descended from the sky...

What happens in Jul/Aug is the peak of the Perseid meteor shower, which originates from the area of the Perseus Constellation...See raised hand towards the source of Perseids?

Today, what Perseus throws down on earth is bunch of shooting stars, small stone particles which burn out in the Earth's atmosphere before they reach the Earth surface...And look like shining arrows being shot at earth from the sky...

Which is why in Mesopotamia, The origin of Nergal, Sirius, which rises with the sun during the Perseid meteor shower, was seen as an arrow and the surrounding stars were seen as a bow...

And why Ishtar, deified Sirius, the lady that rides on lions (Sirius rises with the sun as a "Morning Star" in Jul/Aug, Leo), is armed with bow and arrows...Like on this 1900-1700 BC, Old-Babylonian plaque...BTW, that is sun above the lion's head, sun in Leo...

And why Sumerian Nergal, and all his Akkadian, Syrian, Levantine, Egyptian, Cypriot, Anatolian, Greek...twins are all "Sky gods armed with bow and arrows" too...

Bow and arrows which bring plague, disease...Why? Cause Jul/Aug is peak infectious disease season in all these parts of the world...

I talked about this in my post "Lord of the flies"...

Basically, the shining arrows start falling from the sky, and infectious diseases start to spread. So mythology...As I said many times before, mythology is a result of people being very good at noticing patterns in nature and very bad at distinguishing between correlation and causation...

Remember Aplu, Hittite Nergal twin, the guy who gave Apollo his name? During Suppiluliuma I's reign (1344–1322 BC), a devastating pandemic spread across the region, heavily affecting Hittite lands. The Hittites attributed this outbreak to the god Aplu/Nergal...

Hittite records show extensive rituals, prayers, and offerings directed at Aplu/Nergal during this time, pleading with the god to stop his rampage and lift the plague...BTW, this is the same plague that the Amarna Letters talk about...

So now you know why "Sky (sun) god, whose name means flame, fire, and who is armed with bow an arrows" is important...And why I was so happy to discover the depiction of Nergal armed with a bow and arrows...

Interestingly, Nergal on the Cilician (Tartus) coin, also has a lion skin draped over his shoulder...Which equates him with the Phoenician god, Melqart (will talk about him soon), and the Greek god, Heracles...

Heracles, whose first labour was to kill a Nemean Lion...Ever wondered why?

Paionia 359-335 BC...

Since then Heracles wore a lion’s skin...and was also armed with a club and bow and arrows. Every wondered why?

Erythrai (Ionia), 350-300 BC...

Heracles first kills a lion and drapes its skin over his body, effectively becoming a Lion Man because he is another twin of Nergal, The Original Lion Man, The destructive sun and the deadly archer of Jul/Aug, Leo...

Nergal was actually directly equated to Heracles in Hatra, the city of the (deadly) sun. I will talk about this soon...For now check this out...

Maran (Lord) Shamash (Sun) with bull horns, the main god of Hatra, an ancient city in Mesopotamia, whose full name was Hatra (Temple) Shamash (Sun)...

Maran...Like Maran-Atha (Our Lord - has come) from the bible? Which lord? Golden calf. Sun in Taurus. 

I talk about this in my post "Maran"...

Oh and BTW, Luwian Šanta/Nergal was also equated with Heracles... 🙂

So Heracle is armed with bow and arrows because in Jul/Aug, Leo, shining arrows fall from the sky. And he is armed with a club, because in the past, in Jul/Aug, Leo, shining clubs (used to) fall from the sky too...

I discuss the true identity of the Heracles in my posts "Cetus" and "Mithras"...

BTW, Kushans had this three headed Rudra holding a trident of Shiva and a lion skin and a club of Heracles, basically symbolically telling you that they are all one and the same. I talked about this in my post "Rudra"...

Oh and you can add one more Lion Man, Deadly Archer, Wielder of Clubs, Thrower of Flaming Rocks from the Sky to this club. This dude...If you are interested in why Mithra kills a bull in Leo, read my "Mithras" about Mithras/Mithra/Mitra...

BTW, Mithras killing bull is equivalent of Lion (Autumn, Jul/Aug-Oct/Nov) killing (ending) Bull (Summer, Apr/May-Jul/Aug)". 

On this relief on a stone sarcophagus found in China and dated to 598 AD, the rider is interpreted as Iranian Mithra...And below him is depiction of lion killing bull...Why? Cause Mithra/Mithras IS the Lion killing the bull of summer. 

I talked about this calendaric symbol in many of my posts...

Mithra was directly associated with lotus, to the point where on the most famous relief of Mithra, the one from Taqe Bostan, he is actually depicted standing on a lotus flower, radiating light, while witnessing Ahura Mazda giving ring of power to king Ardashir II...

Mithra is associated with lotus because Iranian Mithra was originally Indian Mitra. Mitra was, in the earliest times, directly associated with Varuna, the old Monsoon good whose Vahana was a crocodile, an animal calendar marker for the monsoon season in India....

Varuna, the old Monsoon god, rides on a crocodile/Makara...In India, crocodiles hatch during the monsoon season...I talked about this in my posts "Makara" "Yakshi" "Proto Durga" and "Maruts".

Mithra was so closely linked to Varuna, that the two of them were invoked together as Mitra/Varuna...They were twinned...

And in India, lotus flowers during the monsoon season, which peaks in Jul/Aug. 

I talked about lotus as a plant calendar marker in India, Mesopotamia and Egypt in many of my posts...

So lotus as a flower of Mitra and by extension Mithra...

Guess what. On the Cilician coin, both Nergal and the horseman on the obverse hold a lotus flower. To ensure we realise that Nergal is the Deadly, Death and Disease bringing Sun (Sky God) of Jul/Aug, Leo, when shining arrows (and clubs) fall from the sky...

One last thing. The Cilician coin depicts a very strange tree behind Nergal. Any idea what kind of tree that could be? To me it looks like a dead tree, which would fit perfectly with the Nergal, Sun of Jul/Aug, the hottest and driest part of the year, the time of droughts...

I think I will stop here. The original coin is from this great paper The coins of Tarsus with lots of other interesting coins from the same region and time period. I will (hopefully) get back to this page one day to analyse few more of them...

Hope you have fun reading this. Also, this thread is really important for understanding my upcoming thread about the birth of Athena...This is part of the bigger Athena story, but I just had too much material for one thread, so I split it into several "smaller" 🙂 threads...

PS: Completely forgot to mention that Luwian Šanta/Nergal was also equated with Heracles... 🙂

If you are interested in reading more about ancient animal and plant calendar markers, which are at the root of all our mythologies, start here…Then check my twitter threads I still didn't convert to blog post...I am way way behind...

Fallow deer

Just came across this interesting paper which states that Fallow deer (both European and Persian) was part of the "Neolithic Package" together with cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs...

This means that Neolithic farmers brought these deer with them when they migrated, like to Mediterranean islands Chios and Rhodes. Interestingly, the deer taken to Neolithic Chios and Rhodes derived not from nearby Anatolia, but from the Balkans...

The paper then goes to say that it was specifically fallow deer, and not just any deer, that was originally associated with the cult of Artemis...

This is explicitly depicted on many artefacts, like this Boeotian red-figure calyx, dated to 450–425 BC, depicting Artemis riding in a chariot pulled by fallow deer does, currently in Louvre...

From the paper: "There is debate about the geographical genesis of the Artemis myth but the possibility she originated in the Balkans is given credence by the density of both fallow deer remains and Artemis-related paraphernalia depicting fallow deer"...

Further on, the paper, citing "Approaches to Artemis in Bronze Age Greece" goes to say that:

"In Late Minoan Crete (c.1550–1100 BCE), Linear B texts mention not only fallow deer but also provide the earliest reference to Artemis (10, 53)"

Hinting that the link between fallow deer and Artemis already existed in Bronze Age Crete...

Possibly this link also existed in Bronze Age Anatolia. 

This Beautiful Hittite, fallow deer shaped vessel, dated to ca. 14th–13th century BC, is currently in the Met Museum.

Along the rim of the vessel is an engraved relief depicting some kind of (religious) scene. 

There is an ongoing discussion about whether the sitting deity depicted on the stag rhyton is a god or a goddess, unfortunately the hieroglyphs above the deity's head does not help the discussion.

The current consensus leans favourably for it being a female. And I agree it is. Here is why:

Is this a dead fallow deer behind the seated deity separated from the seated deity by two spears? A dead fallow deer lying under a stylised date palm tree with a quiver hanging on the wall above it? 

This is why this could be interesting. 

First we need to determine which fallow deer it is, European or Persian. Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) is today only found in Iran and Israel, but it inhabited parts of Anatolia, particularly the southern regions bordering Syria and the Levant, during the Bronze Age. They were widespread in Southwest Asia at that time and co-existed in Anatolia with the European fallow deer (Dama dama), though their distribution was limited by human activity...

Now the mating season of Persian fallow deer is Jul/Aug - Sep/Oct and the mating season of European fallow deer is Sep/Oct...

This would make fallow deer animal calendar marker for autumn, Jul/Aug - Oct/Nov, in Anatolia. I already talked about this in my post "Deer and bee", in which I analysed this Silver tetradrachm of Ephesos, dated to 390–380 BC.   

This coin also depicts a fallow deer lying under a date palm tree...Date palm tree is a plant calendar marker for Jul/Aug first appearing in Mesopotamia. Date harvest season starts in Jul/Aug, in Leo, when Lion (autumn) kills (ends) Bull (summer) and lasts until Oct/Nov. I gave full symbolic analysis of this seal in my post "Lion killing bull under palm tree"...

I talked about date palm as a plant calendar marker in many of my posts...

So fallow deer lying (dead) under a date palm tree is an animal calendar marker for Jul/Aug, Leo...

BTW, Leo (Jul/Aug), originally had nothing to do with stars either. It is the ancient animal calendar marker marking the beginning of the main mating season of the Eurasian lions. 

Talked about lion as an animal calendar marker in many of my posts...

Now fallow deer was directly linked to Artemis from the Minoan times. And Artemis is also linked with bow and arrow and lions...

I talked about this in many of my posts. 

Like my post "Winged Artemis", about this shard of a late 7th c. BC amphora, found on the island of Paros, showing a winged Artemis holding a lion by its tail and ear, surrounding by what looks like sun symbols, swastikas and crosses...Artemis in Leo, Jul/Aug...

Or my post "Artemis Orthia", about this drawing of an archaic carving of a chariot on ivory plaque from the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Sparta. The chariot is pulled by winged (solar) horses and is driven by a female (goddess?) charioteer. A lion is depicted lying behind the horses...Again, Artemis in Leo, Jul/Aug...

Artemis, the twin sister of Apollo, the destructive sun (dragon) of Jul/Aug, Leo, whose holy month was Jul/Aug and who was also linked to lions...Apollo...The dragon...This dude:

Marble Throne of Apollo, Roman, late 1st c. AD. Currently in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Whoever made this, knew who Apollo really was and wanted to show Apollo in his true shape (serpent, dragon), sitting on his throne. 

I talked about Apollo, the god of the sun in Leo, Jul/Aug, the Greek equivalent of Mesopotamian Nergal, in this series of posts: "Palil", "Lord of the flies", "Lions of Delos", "Apollo and dolphins", "Marble throne of Apollo", "Apollo and Python", "White raven", "Threshing floor of Apollo", "Apollo the great archer", "Apollo Sminthius"

Artemis, the twin sister of Apollo, who was also the terrifying archer of whom it is said: 

"I will remember and not be unmindful of Apollo who shoots afar. As he goes through the house of Zeus, the gods tremble before him and all spring up from their seats when he draws near, as he bends his bright bow..."

Artemis, the feared archer herself, and the girl whom Hera accuses of being "a lioness between women"...Strange...But familiar? At least it should be...Ever heard of the Lioness of heaven? Ishtar? This girl...

I talked about her in my posts "Gisgis relief", "Sirius the mother of Venus", "Apocalypse", "The brightest star", "Inana and Šukaletuda"...

Artemis, who liked showing off by holding two lions, like on this Ancient Greek jug from Louvre, dated to 560-550 BC...

BTW, between two lions means "In Leo"...Oh and do you see how she is flanked by two spear men (two spears)?

The reason why Artemis is standing in Leo, Jul/Aug, is because Artemis is just another name for the ancient Archer Warrior Goddess, Ishtar...Deified Sirius in Leo, Jul/Aug...

For those who will say "Ishtar was the morning star", yes she was, in Leo (Jul/Aug), when Sirius rose in the morning with the sun...Which is why Ishtar stands on a lion (with sun above the lion) and why Ishtar is known as "The Lioness of heaven"...

For those who will still say Ishtar is Venus and not Sirius. This post, "Sirius the mother of Venus", and linked articles might be of interest: You know how everyone thinks that Inanna/Ishtar (Morning Star) is Venus and how I think that it was originally Sirius, and only later became Venus? 

Well, it seems that Ancient Egyptians preserved the proof of this switch in their mythology. 

Meet Sopdet...

Sopdet, the personification of Sirius, was the consort of Sah, the personification of Orion. And their child was Sopdu, the personification of Venus, "Lord of the East" (Venus as morning star)....

Ta Ta Taaaaaaa!!!!

And the reason why deified Sirius goddesses are archers is this: In Mesopotamia, Sirius was seen as an arrow and the surrounding stars were seen as a bow...And they were stars of Jun/Jul/Aug...

I already talked about this in my post "The brightest star" about the link between Sirius and Inanna...

So Jul/Aug, the time of the year ruled by Nergal/Apollo, and his twin sister Ishtar/Artemis is the time when Sirius (bow and arrow) rises with the sun...

But why did Mesopotamians see Sirius as arrow? Remember my post "Invisible archer"? If arrows are shooting down from the night sky, there must be an [invisible] archer shooting them from up there...  

This article was about Orion and Orionids meteorite shower. Orionids shoot down on earth during Sep/Oct/Nov. But there is another meteroite shower that rains light arows down on earth in Jul/Aug. Perseid Meteor shower...

And guess when this meteor shower is most intense? When the most light arrows are being shot down on earth? Right before dawn. You can even see them at dawn, together with Sirius and the sun...Destructive sun of Leo, Nergal, Apollo...

I talked about deified Perseids in many of my posts...

Now knowing all this might help us determine who is actually sitting goddess depicted on our Hittite rhyton...I think it is most likely some Hittite version of Ishtar/Astarte/Asherah/Artemis...

One other thing. I presume the bird sitting on the hand of the seated deity is a Peregrine falcon. 

Peregrine falcons migrate over Turkey, following mapped bird migration route used by all the birds migrating over Turkey, northwards in Apr/May/June and southwards in Sep/Oct/Nov.

Interesting, right? The deity standing on the stag is also holding a peregrine falcon...

This means that all the animal calendar markers depicted on this image point at Aug/Sep/Oct...So who is sitting pretty in Sep sipping (what?)...

The grape harvest season in Anatolia, Turkey, generally falls in Aug/Sep/Oct...

BTW, do you see the mushroom shaped thingy in front of the seated deity? The main mushroom season in Anatolia and across Turkey is autumn, specifically Sep/Oct/Nov...How interesting...

Now this is climate chart for Çorum province, the old Hittite heartland. The autumn rains arrive in Sep/Oct/Nov...

Interesting, right? Considering that there is a guy pouring water libation in front of the god standing on a stag and holding a peregrine falcon...

To read more about ancient animal and plant calendar markers, which are at the root of all our mythologies, start here…Then check my twitter threads I still didn't convert to blog post...I am way way behind...